Observations on Property in Robinson Crusoe and Second...

Observations on Property in Robinson Crusoe and Second Treatise People have been fighting over land and possessions since Adam and Eve left the Garden of Eden. But what actually constitutes the ownership of property? In the eighteenth century John Locke and Daniel Defoe addressed this question. In his Second Treatise, Locke defends the rights of people to property and he explains the basis for obtaining and maintaining dominion over it. In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe suggests a definition of property that concurs in part with Lockes, which indicates that people can claim ownership of property when they have added their labor to some part of it. In addition, Locke stipulates, according to principles of the rational use of†¦show more content†¦There is a serious question as to whether any of his claims can be justified, at least in accordance with Lockean views. Defoe does seem, at least in part, to agree with such views. This seems appropriate since both men lived during an era when the economy was changing so quickly that the issue of propert y was often debated. However, Defoe seems to take possessiveness, ownership, and dominion or power through ownership even further than Locke does. While both men held similar views on property, the influences on them were different. A predominant influence on Locke was that, from the late seventeenth to the early eighteenth century, the last vestiges of feudalism were disappearing and capitalism was beginning to develop. Despite the gradual move toward industrialism, agriculture was still the occupation of the majority. Land was beginning to be viewed by many as a capital investment for profit making. It was viewed also as an indication of social position and political power (Wood 16). Locke shared these views and felt that land was the key to a viable social order, serving not only as a source of food but also as a supplier of raw materials necessary for the system of domestic and foreign commerce. While he defended the principle of self-preservation, he argued that the fundamental law of nature is the preservation of society, which takes precedence over self-preservation. Locke thought that government has the right and the du ty

Poverty and B. Conclusion Sentence - 1501 Words

Homeless Outline I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Imagine all the events that occurred in your life today. You woke up from your warm bed, took a shower, got dressed, went to either school, work, or both. Then you came home, had dinner, and went to sleep. These are all basic needs, basic needs that many people in the United States today don t have. Most people would agree that a day like this is fairly ordinary. Shelter, clothes, food, education, and family are all things that we usually take for granted and things that every person deserves. Unfortunately, these things do not belong to everyone. Far too many people in this country have no homes. They own only the clothes that they wear. They don t know where their next meal will†¦show more content†¦a) Detail: There are challenges in treating homeless people who have psychiatric disorders, because clinical appointments may not be kept, their continuing where about unknown, their medicines are not taken. Many homeless people have mental illness. b) Detail: The conditions affecting homeless people are somewhat specialized and have opened a new area of medicine tailored to this population. B. Conclusion Sentence: Some homeless are substance abusers; research suggests one in four. Many of these are included in the 25% who are mentally ill. Many are unable to access mental health services and are too ill to stay in a shelter. IV. 1V. Body Paragraph #3: Social Supports. A. Topic Sentence: Most countries provide a variety of services to assist homeless people. They provide food, shelter and clothing, may be organized and run by community organizations. 1. Support #1: Such social supports may be done through a formal process, such as under the auspices of a non-governmental organization, religious organization, or homeless ministry, or may be done on an individual basis. a) Detail: Many non-profit organizations such as Goodwill Industries maintain a mission to provide skill development and work opportunities to people with barriers to employment, though most of these organizations are not primarily geared toward homeless individuals. b) Detail: A significant number of homeless do not participate in the assistance programs. 2. Support #2:Show MoreRelatedConnection Between Poverty and Obesity Essay1269 Words   |  6 PagesConnection between poverty and obesity Author (Reggie L. 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Creditability: I have done research on her before on several websites and have read a book called, â€Å"Infinite Variety: The Life andRead MoreEssay about informative speech Bill Gates1577 Words   |  7 Pagesall, including myself, procrastinate. We can all thank Bill Gates for making our times of procrastination slightly more bearable by creating the Microsoft software that is accessible, easy to use and constantly evolving to meet consumer needs.    B. Thesis Statement:  Today I am going to inform you about Bill Gates who invented Microsoft software and started what is now known as the largest computer software, according to Dina Bass a writer for the Bloomberg Buisnessweek at Bloomberg.com, last accessedRead MoreThe Inequality Between Men And Women During The Criminal Justice System1555 Words   |  7 Pagesmany are counteractions to physical or sexual abuse carried out by someone close to the victim such as a spouse or ex-spouse (Covington, S. S. Bloom, B. E., 2003). The characteristics of female offenses, such as crimes of poverty, reveal different hardships that may be responsible for, or can be accredited to their criminal actions. Zaitzow, B. H. and Thomas, J. (2003, p. 22-23), point out although female inmates share many attributes with male inmates, such as age, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicRead MoreTerrorism, Employment, and Education1357 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom a public opinion poll conducted in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, which queried participants about their support for militant and terrorist attacks against Israel. The presented data will be supplemented by statistics from the data that Alan B. Krueger of Princeton University that contains information on the employment and education of participants, which was procured from an original researcher in the aforementioned poll. In the end, the results of this poll do not suggest that there is a

Power Essay Example For Students

Power Essay Children play king of the mountain with the stronger players trying to keep the weaker ones from taking possession of the top of the hill. One of Goldings many themes expressed in Lord of the Flies is power. In comparison to society, the island consists of democratic, authoritarian, and spiritual power. Sitting in a throne may give a person power, but it does not give them complete authority.Democratic power is shown when choices and decisions are shared among many. Ralph, originally from the Anglo-Saxon language, means counsel. Ralph is an embodiment of democracy, he is willing to be a leader but knows that its important for each of the boys to be able to speak his mind. When there is a decision to be made, he lets the boys vote on it. In are present democratic government of the United States, the President has to go through Congress to pass a bill. The President runs the operations but he does not have complete power over the decisions. Like the President, Ralph has to go through the boys to make the decisions. The trouble was, if you were chief you had to think, you had to be wise. And then the occasion slipped by so that you had to grab at a decision. This made you think: because thought was a valuable thing, that got results.. .(page 71)In addition to democracy, authoritarian power is additionally portrayed. Authoritarian power allows one person to rule by threatening and terrifying others. Jack comes from the Hebrew and means one who supplants, one who takes by force. Although the word military is never used about Jack, there is something about his manner that suggests military or authoritarian power. Jack lusts for power and is driven to destroy anyone who gets in his way. In 1956, Fidel Castro forced his way into Cuba planning to overthrow the government of Fulgencio Batista, a dictator in Cuba. After Castro became President of the Council of State in 1976, he seized property owned by wealthy Cubans, Americans, and others. He favored the lower classes and made Cuba a communist state. In relation to Castro, Jack overthrows Ralph from being chief and takes over the position with force and abuse. The boys look up to Jack and respect him but there is no understanding. They do not understand why he hides behind his mask or tortures innocent boys. But they do know to respect him or they will be punished. For instance on page 85, If Jack was chief, wed have all hunting and no fire. Wed be here till we died.Besides authoritarian, spiritual power is also represented. Spiritual power recognizes internal and external realities and attempts to integrate them. Simon comes from the Hebrew for listener. It was also the name of one of Jesus apostles, Simon Peter. This hints at the spiritual role the character will play in the novel: Simon is the only one who hears and understands the truth. In the beginning of the story Simon is introduced as a skinny, vivid little boy with epilepsy. In ancient times many thought that the epileptic seizure was an indication that a person had great spiritual powers and was favored by communications from the gods. In an ironic twist, Simon communicates with an evil figure rather than a loving god. Beginning in 1933, Adolf Hitler brutally slayed many impure people because of their religious beliefs. Many Jews, whom Hitler blamed Germanys problems on, were sent to concentration camps, where they were murdered. This event relates to the fact that Simon is also killed by the strength of the boys belief in the beast. Simon is very quiet and intimidated, (he) felt a perilous necessity to speak; but to speak in an assembly was a terrible thing to him.(page 82) Different types of power, with their uses and abuses, are central to the story. .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068 , .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068 .postImageUrl , .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068 , .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068:hover , .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068:visited , .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068:active { border:0!important; } .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068:active , .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068 .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4594997b20a5e8df65a6ba404ef7f068:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Supply chain mangment Essay Democratic, authoritarian, and spiritual power are each used by one of the characters. A person may have power but its how they use the power to determine the authority and dominance.

Television Sending The Wtong Message Essays - Human Sexuality

Television: Sending The Wtong Message Television: Sending the Wrong Message Everyday, human beings make assumptions by what they can see physically. Even in the supermarkets, they distinguish good products from bad products based on how those products look. Being a human, I would say we are apt to choose good-looking products because they don't have flaws, cracks, and bruises. Those good products are shaped nicely, colored and look great. Moreover, we assume those products to have good qualities and good tastes. However, we pick things because of their beauty. This is due to human nature. Part of the development of human nature is brought on through television. Since people judge human beings based on how they look, it is called discrimination. Unfortunately, the society we live in benefits beautiful people more than physically unattractive people who could end up with better qualities. Therefore, advantages enjoyed by those beautiful people are countless. We like to expect to be treated equally, but we are not treated as the same in the real world. I believe judging people based on their appearance only disadvantages those people. Success must depend on effort, talent, and intelligence. As long as we can't stop discriminating against people based on appearance, we can't achieve positive opportunity and real success. There is the question of how to change the system of unfair treatment based on appearance. Watching commercials on television, lots of people have had cosmetic surgery on their skin. Some religious beliefs teach their people that altering their body is profane because bodies are gifts from god. However, cosmetic surgery introduces us to cutting edge technologies. People have surgery performed simply to improve their appearance. 2 Some Americans believe gaining acceptance in society is by looking a certain way. The benefits for those people are success in their careers, marriage with rich men, and more chances to become popular amongst society. Being beautiful is helpful in regards to acceptance in society, especially for women. Men who like beautiful women around them often influence women. It's a man's world in today's society. Women do too much to impress those men. Cosmetic surgery is a reflection of the society where beauty is stratified. I don't think cosmetic surgery is a good resolution to achieve fair treatment from the society because it doesn't overthrow fundamental problem. Today, women have more jobs available. In some instances, women meet difficulties to get jobs or to succeed because they are not beautiful. Some women have cosmetic surgery to improve their appearance. Others may struggle from unfairly treatments without the surgery. It is difficult to stop people from thinking of beauty. However, through time, one can learn that beauty is recognized within the inner soul. Humans use the television commercials and shows to influence their values on how they define beauty. The media sends us beautiful images, which leads to stereotypical behavior. Beautiful images regarding the media are implanted in our mind unconsciously. As much as I can see from TV commercials, I get lots of sexual, unfair, and discriminated messages of being beautiful. Slim and beautiful women are representing slim fast commercials. There are also the muscular, handsome men showing how easy it is to exercise with certain equipment. We have to eliminate these stereotypical messages of being perfect with the way we look. 3 People tend to struggle from unfair treatment based on their appearance due to discrimination. In my opinion, being beautiful is a challenge that every human being attempts in his or her lifetime. I think the norm on how Americans define beauty, is affected entirely by the environment. The culture of the society may never be corrected with what is truly valued in life, spirit. As Americans, we can free ourselves by trying to eliminate those stereotypical messages of being beautiful and perfectly shaped taken from the television. Real success is through achieving goals, whether it is a certain career or a look. People must attempt to understand that those acting on television may be beautiful on the outside, but not on the inside. Focusing on what exactly a person does while watching television is interesting. Once a person sits in front of the television set, he or she becomes quickly stimulated and amazed by the intense sound and picture. Suddenly forgetting about the real world, the

Machismo and Relationships Essays

Machismo and Relationships Essays Machismo and Relationships Essay Machismo and Relationships Essay Machismo and relationships Thesis Statement: To describe and prove the male dominance in the Colombian society and the freedom of men. Reflective Statement: In the Colombian Society men had all the rights to do the things of their choice without any objections. The women had no other option but to surrender to them. In this essay I am going to talk about the Male Dominance in the Colombian society which kind of leads to suppression of women. The author of this book, Gabriel Garcia Marquez has indirectly depicted this aspect through the character or his friend Santiago Nasar. Not just Santiago but as well through the other character’s such as the Vicario brother’s. These characters show strong masculinity and also their behavior with the women (Santiago Nasar). This can be reflected on to the age or society the book was written in. This topic can be strengthened by examples from the text such Santiago’s behavior with Divina Flor and Ibrahim’s affair with Victoria and also the brothels convey a very strong sense about the men and their relationships. According to the text, it shows that men usually visit Maria Cervantes’s brothel. And they feel proud about this rather being shameful as the Colombian society accepts those sort of sexual desires and deeds. Also the importance of chastity amongst women reflects onto the male dominance. It proves that women had not much freedom to do what they like as they were under the control of men. The poor classes such as servants, talking about the women again such as Divina Flor they had no other option but to accept the things done by Santiago because they work for him. Also the scene when Angela is returned back home by Roman describes machismo again proving the fact that chastity is of a great importance. The murder of Santiago by the Vicario brother’s is an other scene where the machismo is put out clearly. Not just these many other scenes from the book expose this aspect in a more detailed way making the reader reflect on the kinda of society.

A Bear of Very Many Words Winnie-the-Pooh in the Dictionary

A Bear of Very Many Words Winnie-the-Pooh in the Dictionary A Bear of Very Many Words: Winnie-the-Pooh in the Dictionary Did you know that today, January 18, was A. A. Milne’s birthday? To mark this, people around the world are celebrating Milne’s much-loved creation, Winnie-the-Pooh. And for Winnie-the-Pooh Day this year, we thought we’d take a quick look at the language of Pooh. Pooh and friends. But what can a bear of very little brain offer the English language? More than you might expect! In fact, if we look at the Oxford English Dictionary, Pooh and his friends pop up a few times†¦ 1. Pooh-Sticks Perhaps the most obvious bit of Pooh in the dictionary comes with â€Å"pooh-sticks.† This is the game that Winnie-the-Pooh and his friends play by dropping sticks into a river on the upstream side of a bridge. The contestants then rush to the other side to see whose stick emerges first. This might not sound like a competitive sport, but the World Poohsticks Championships have been taking place in England for 35 years now! Pooh-sticks in action.(Photo: Malc McDonald) 2. Eeyore and Tigger Among Pooh’s friends in the Hundred Acre Wood, Eeyore and Tigger stand out for their contributions to the English language. Eeyore, the downbeat donkey, appears in the OED as a term for a â€Å"pessimistic, gloomy, or habitually disconsolate person† (or you can use the adjective â€Å"Eeyore-like, if you prefer). A â€Å"Tigger,† on the other hand, is defined as an â€Å"exuberant, energetic, and cheerful person.† The famously bouncy tiger has also inspired two adjectives: â€Å"Tiggerish† and â€Å"Tigger-like.† It seems, then, that Winnie-the-Pooh offers terms for people of very different temperaments! 3. Heffalumps and Woozles In A. A. Milne’s writing, heffalumps and woozles are (possibly imaginary) creatures that steal honey. And since Winnie-the-Pooh is really, truly very fond of honey, he has to be wary of these sneaky beasts! The words â€Å"heffalump† and â€Å"woozle,† and the creatures’ appearances, are based on the English words â€Å"elephant† and â€Å"weasel,† respectively. But outside of Milne’s writing, â€Å"heffalump† has become a playful word for real-life elephants (or sometimes, less politely, larger human beings). Sadly, the word â€Å"woozle† hasn’t yet made it into the dictionary. However, it has inspired the term â€Å"woozle effect.† This is based on the story of Pooh and Piglet mistaking their own footprints for those of a woozle, then chasing themselves in circles in a hunt for something that doesn’t exist. In the real world, the â€Å"woozle effect† occurs when a misleading or unsubstantiated idea is repeated and republished often enough that people start believing it (or chasing their own footprints, so to speak). So while â€Å"woozle† isn’t in the dictionary yet, it still might appear there one day!

Islamic finance PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Islamic finance - PowerPoint Presentation Example Instead Islam asks for an equitable distribution of wealth so that all members of society can prosper together. Concentration of wealth in a few hands is not desirable. Islam strikes a balance between conventional socialism and capitalism. One allows only for private ownership, while the other negates it outright. It is the Islamic way that has sought a path between the two extremes for the betterment of man. Unlike conventional systems, Islam recognizes only 3 factors of production which include capital, land and labor. The returns generated from the combination of these three are distributed accordingly. Capital gains return in the form of profits, land in the form of rent and labor in the form of wages. Islamic Contracts Islamic contracts govern the business conventions on how trade transactions must be entered into. First of all, the trade must be permissible in the light of Shariah. It cannot contain any element of Riba’, Gharar, Mysur, Haram etc. Secondly, there are many conditions which must be fulfilled in order for a contract to be rendered valid. They include: A condition which is not against the contract is a valid condition A condition which seems to be against the contract, but is normal market practice, is no void unless proved in the light of Shariah. A condition which seems to be against the contract and not market practice but favors any one participant is void. A condition which is against the contract, not market practice, and doesn’t favor anyone is a void condition. Sales in Islamic Finance The concept of sales in Islam is the exchange of a thing of value with another thing of value. However, it is very strict on the core principles of sales. In the contract, there must be offer and acceptance for the contract to be executed. Furthermore, the individuals must be sane and of proper age to enter into agreements such as this one. The commodity/asset under consideration must exist. It must also have some intrinsic value to as to c ater to the sale. Furthermore, it should be capable of showing ownership. For example, no one can point to the moon and claim that they own it. It exists, and must have some value. But since it cannot be owned, it cannot be transacted. Furthermore, the asset must be deliverable to the buyer, the quantity and quality must be aforementioned. The price of the trade must be addressed at the start so as to avoid any misunderstandings between the parties. Lastly, either physical or constructive possession of the asset must be taken in order to render the sale complete. Modes of Islamic Finance The modes of Islamic Finance, while seemingly like their conventional counterparts, are free from all the Haram (unlawful) ways which have been prohibited in Islam. Following are the types of Islamic Financing: 1. Musharakah In a Musharakah agreement, two parties come together to form an alliance for commercial enterprise and share the profits according to a set ratio. This is decided at the time of entering into the alliance. However, if a loss occurs then the parties distribute that according to the rate of participation of initial investment from each individual. There are two explicit types of Musharakah. In the first type, the partnership arises out of a joint ownership of an asset. For example, two brothers inherit their father’s sugarcane factory. Hence they become partners through the joint ownership which exists. The second kind is via contracts. In this case, the two individuals enter into an

LLB CONTRACT LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LLB CONTRACT LAW - Essay Example Nash v. Inman, http://www.bcli.org/pages/publications/lrcreports/reports(html)/lrc26index.html According to Law of Contracts, in many ways the contractual capacity of a minor differs from that of an adult. An individual below 18, who is legally a minor, according to Family Law Reforms Act, 1969, cannot enter into contracts easily, because they are grouped under valid, void and voidable contracts and hence, they hold very little legal authenticity. Valid contracts cover necessities and this means, they have to pay for the necessities1 and legally liable to do so, if plaintiff could prove that goods supplied are suitable in minor's station in life and are his actual requirements2 and here, necessities3 and luxuries4 are different and the terms should not be onerous5 and if plaintiff has all these on his side, still he will get only a reasonable price and not a contractual one. Minors are bound by beneficial contracts service, which is usually for their own benefit, mainly termed as beneficial contracts and these include education, training, apprenticeship, and a Court can decide that minor should go through these contracts, even if some of them are not totally beneficial6 for him at the time conflict. Sometimes during the course of time circumstances might prove that a minor does not particularly need those benefits any more7.

Aristotle vs Plato Essay Example for Free

Aristotle vs Plato Essay Two of the greatest and earliest thinkers of our time are Plato, and his most famous pupil, Aristotle. Soon after Plato’s teachings, Aristotle criticized his claims and independently became a thinker on his own. These philosophers viewed metaphysics differently, and they approached the idea of reality in two opposing ways. Plato’s Theory of Forms was a concept that was defined in a different way by Aristotle. They both believed in â€Å"forms† but approached this idea differently. Plato felt that there are two different levels of reality compared to Aristotle who felt that there was only one level of reality. Plato’s way of thinking always came from ideas from within that were applied to the outside world as opposed to Aristotle whose ideas came from the outside world and then were applied within. These contrast ideas were a result in Aristotle believing that there is one level of reality. He believed that there was only one world, and that forms existed in particular things. Aristotle felt that everything was matter, and certain kinds of matter were composed into different things. He believed that form did not have a separate existence, but existed in matter. Plato, however, believed that there were two levels of reality. Physical and mental were two different things in his eyes. Physical is what is real and you can see and/or touch, and mental is what seems to be real but cannot be seen such as air. Plato believed that there are â€Å"two worlds† and that everything real has a form but does not symbolize that form. Aristotle’s and Plato’s views on forms were very different. Plato saw â€Å"forms† as descriptions and something like adjectives and it could be applied to more than one thing. If something was â€Å"delicious,† there was something else that was also â€Å"delicious† but they were not the same thing. These descriptions are real but are not physical matter. Aristotle, however, saw reality as having four causes: matter (what it is made up of), essence (what it is), producer (what caused it), and purpose (what it is used for). Plato stated that the realm of being exist separately from the divine realm where the â€Å"forms† portrayed in the things of this world. He explains that the people have knowledge of these â€Å"forms† because the soul is immortal and this received knowledge are actually faint and faded memories that this world shadows from the other world. The soul has absolute knowledge from the other realm. Aristotle stated that the being of any specific thing consists of matter and form. These forms were not to be found anywhere except for the in the substance of that certain thing. Aristotle makes it clear that the essence of something is what makes it what it is, and the soul cannot leave the body. Everything has matter and form, with the exception of God. Plato and Aristotle were two great thinkers that both believed in â€Å"forms,† but approached this idea in two different manners. Plato believed in a dualistic reality – physical and mental. He applied inner views to the outside world. His view on metaphysics consists of two realms to our reality. One being the realm of changing then becoming, and the other being a realm with set beings. On the other hand, Aristotle viewed things the other way. He applied outer views to inner self. In his mind, there is only one level to our reality and that forms are found only within specific things, that of which both have form and matter. Even though I understand what these philosophers are saying, I am confused as to how they believe the world works. How can there be two parts to reality? I think that physical and mental things exist together in one world – this world. Everything has matter solids, liquids, and gases are the three different forms. â€Å"Forms† are adjectives. If something is round, that is its quality. Its form is what it is, for example a round table. My way of thinking resembles Aristotle’s more but not completely. The four causes can be applied to almost everything. But what is emotion made up of? What is emotion? What causes emotion? And what is emotion used for? Even though emotions are things, they do not have physical matter. It exists, but it cannot be seen. Both Plato and Aristotle have confusing views on our reality, and I believe that Aristotle explains the truth of it more clearly. However, I do not think either of them is right in explaining the actuality of our reality. Plato believed that we should view our world more as spiritual than physical. Aristotle thought the same thing, except that forms are within the objects we see. How can our world be viewed as spiritual? Does that mean that we just see imaginary things? Does our world even actually exist? Is it a dream that things are real? When Plato applies inner views on the outer world, doesn’t that mean he is being close-minded? Writing this paper has cleared things up a little bit for me, however, I still find it to be confusing. I believe the world just is. The Big Bang theory makes sense, and everything evolved. I do not think there is more to the picture than the fact that we just are. Everything is real, whether it can be seen, heard, smelled, touched, or tasted.

Birth of the Calle Ocho Festival :: Little Havana Miami Latin Culture

The Birth of the Calle Ocho Festival In the heart of Miami, Florida, the Calle Ocho Festival is an event open to people of all ethnic backgrounds and age groups. This event dates back to the late seventies. The festival originated in 1977. It was organized by two men, Leslie Pantà ­n Jr. and Willy Bermello, who wanted to start a project with the Miami Herald to bring the community closer together. They decided on a festival while scribbling on the back of a place mat at lunch one day at the Red Coach Inn during the summer of 1977. Pantà ­n and Bermello's goal was to have a street party that would display the Latin-American lifestyle in the city of Miami for non-Spanish speakers. Today, this festival has grown into the largest Hispanic festival held in the United States. Hundreds of thousands of people attend the event for the dancing, eating, and getting to know everyone and everything that is part of Little Havana. The Calle Ocho festival was originally named the Open House Eight, because the two organizers wanted the festival to be an open welcome to southwest Eighth Street. With no credit, Pantà ­n and Bermello ran into a slight problem with their idea. They needed money to start up their plan for the festival. Relying solely on the aid of friends for finance, they managed to raise $37,000 to put on a fifteen block street party. However, Pantà ­n and Bermello still needed coverage for the new festival. Thanks to knocking on many doors, making presentations to advertisers, and receiving television coverage, they received all the publicity they needed. People from all over South Florida came to attend the Calle Ocho festival. The first festival, held in 1978, was a major success. Music, food, dancing, and smiling faces are some of the many attractions you may find at this festival. Performers such as Willy Chirino, Oscar de Leon, El Gran Combo, Celia Cruz, The Barrio Boys, and Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine, among others, have performed during the past twenty years. Salsa, merengue, cumbia, and guaguancà ³ dancers fill the streets of Little Havana every year.

Human Nature Essay

After reading Mencius essay â€Å"Mans Nature is Good† and Hsun Tzu’s essay â€Å"Mans Nature is Evil† It made me realize that men are shaped by experience. People are born with a blank mind with a desire of some knowledge. Much of what we learn affects our behavior. Throughout our life, experiences have been shaping what we are. Both Mencius and Tzu believe the complete opposite, arguing that men are born with a nature of being good or evil. By reading these articles I’ve come to assume that people are born neither good nor evil; instead both of these are obtained through the filling of our mind with experiences and all this together has influenced what we become. Hsun Tzu’s theory about how human nature is inherently evil and Mencius about how we are good caught my attention, because it made me realize that man can go either way. Even though I don’t agree with either of them entirely, they opened my mind about how nature can turn one way or another. People are not born inherently good because if that’s the case then every society would have to be good and would not bother with problems like violence and other chaotic scenarios. To go into a good pathway, people must be straightened by mentors. Like Tzu uses on his essay â€Å"A warp piece of wood must wait until it has been laid against the straightening board, steamed, and forced into shape before it can become straight; a piece of blunt metal must wait until it has been whetted on a grindstone before it can become sharp† (101). Family, schools, and religion are a fair way to obtain this goodness. For example these three sources have taught us since childhood to be respectful. This is the kind of experiences one has to follow in order to be good. Family has taught us to have good manners; therefore they work as our mentors. It is just your choice whether to implement these experiences of being good into your life or to go by the experience you been having with the wrong people. People aren’t born evil either. Instead people learn this through experience as well. For example traumatic experience and experiencing poor family conditions can make a child into a delinquent. Mencius said that â€Å"If you plant the seeds carefully at the same time and in the same place, they’ll all sprout and grow ripe by summer solstice. If they don’t grow the same- it’s because of the inequities in richness of soil, amounts of rainfall, or the care given to them by farmers. And so, all members belonging to a given species of thing are the same† (97). In this metaphor Mencius is trying to say that if you are placed in a different habitat where you learn from the outsiders, you are grown by the influence of them, which in his opinion is evil. I found this to be true but also I want to add that it is not always evil, it can be for the good of somebodies development. Being with the family can be good however sometimes we experience inconsistent parenting or poor parenting where it affects our development. Sometimes people can’t avoid these kinds of experiences but others like being with friends and acting up to their level of immaturity can be avoided. It is up to the experiences you’ve had that will form into what you become. After going through both essays my mind is set into these ideas. People are born with a blank mind but also we can change after what become of us, either it is for the good or for the evil. Peers have much to do with a person’s behavior. As friends you might have the feeling of just fitting in, having to change your manners to feel part of the group. It depends much on our surroundings; this is what triggers our brain to learn from others and development starts operating. Society is an important factor to our development because it is that, what forms our way of living and thinking. People might not like society because they don’t agree with something cultural or religious but whatever the circumstances are they still are triggered by it. At last, my beliefs are now more explained and understood after going through the readings. These articles influenced me to the point that I now believe human nature starts as a blank mind which means we are born without any knowledge and habits. This is when experience comes in. Through our experience with everything around us we become what we are. Our experience since childhood has a great impact in what we are; in other words most of our nature comes from family. Nevertheless, I don’t mean that everyone is shaped from their parents, what I mean is that there are other sources from experience out there that shapes our development (nature). It is your choice to either keep following those experiences, whether the good or the evil, but any how nurture is what will define what you become. Works Cited Austin, Michael, ed. Reading the World: Ideas that Matter. New York: Norton. 2010. Print. Mencius â€Å"Man’s Nature is Good†. Austin 94-98 Tzu, Hsun â€Å"Man’s Nature is Evil†.

Safety on Water Refilling Station

1. Abstract This study tackles the safeties of processes used by water refilling stations in the Philippines, specifically on the National Capital Region, on the purified water it sells to its customers. The study focuses on the processes the water refilling stations implements to purify the water from its concessionaires not in the working place of water refilling stations. The group chose to research on this topic since nowadays, as the demand for cleaner water becomes higher, the price of household water purifiers and bottled water has become prohibitive.Water refilling stations managed by private entrepreneurs offer a cheaper and more convenient solution to the public’s drinking water needs than bottled water or the use of household filters. The demand at the water refilling stations – water stores that sell purified water is now increasing. The quality of purified water conforms to the national standards for drinking water and is even better than the quality of wat er produce by traditional water supply systems in terms of removed impurities. At present, about 3,000 water refilling stations have proliferated nationwide.They sell purified water of comparable quality with bottled water at a lower price. For example, the current price per gallon of refilled purified water in Metro Manila ranges from P 50 to P 120 per 5-gallon container or about P 2. 50 to P 6. 00 per liter while the bottled water is sold at P 12. 00 to P 25. 00 per liter. Household filters, on the other hand, cost P 5,000 to P 25,000 per unit. In Metro Manila, most of the water refilling stations is connected to the pipes of two concessionaires: Maynilad Water Company or Manila Water Company for their source of raw water while in other areas they opt to use private deep wells.The â€Å"potable water† supplied by the providers is then further purified by utilizing a combination of water treatment equipment, such as sediment filters, carbon filters, water softeners, reverse osmosis membranes, ultra-violet lamps, and ozone generators. Typical water refilling stations can produce 3,000 to 12,000 litres of purified water per day. In previous years, most of the people were bringing a container to a water refilling station to buy purified water. Nowadays, because of convenience on the part of the consumers, purified water in 5-gallon (22. litres) containers is delivered by the station directly to the people’s home. Aqua Sure, a water refilling station in Metro Manila, can deliver 5,500 gallons (25,000 litres) a day to its 8,000 household client.2. Introduction 3. 1. Problem Statement The proponents want to know how dirty water is being processed in the water station, what processes does the water goes through, what is the quality of the water being produced and how safe it is to drink that water after. 3. 2. Significance The study will: determine the physical, chemical and bacteriological quality of the product water produced * determine if the water produced is potable * assess the current guidelines used for evaluating and monitoring the quality of the water produced * provide basis for decision making and strategy for regulation and monitoring of water stations to ensure a continuous production of quality and safe drinking water 3. 3. Review of Related Literature Water is the only substance found on earth in three forms solid, liquid, and gas. It regulates the earth’s temperature.Drinking water or potable water is water safe enough to be consumed by humans or used with low risk of immediate or long term harm. In most developed countries, the water supplied to households, commerce and industry meets drinking water standards, even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation. Typical uses include toilet flushing, washing and landscape irrigation. It also regulates the temperature of the human body, carries nutrients and oxygen to cells, cushions joints, protects organs and tissues , and removes wastes.Adverse health effects from contaminants that may occur in drinking water include acute effects that may immediately impact health and chronic effects that may occur if contaminants are ingested at unsafe levels over many years. Drinking water that meets US EPA’s health-based standards is generally safe. People who are not healthy as a result of illness, age, or weakened immune systems, are more likely to be at risk from certain contaminants that may be found in drinking water. Infants and very young children are also more susceptible to some contaminants.Individuals concerned about their particular situations should consult their health care providers. 3. 4. Research Questions Below are the guide questions which the proponents of the research work considered in conducting this research paper: * What is a safe drinking water? * What is the process of cleaning the water? * What are the problems in the process? * How would the proponents go about investigat ing the causes of the observed problems? * What are the effects of these observed problems? What are the unsafe conditions in the process? * What is the quality of the water after the process? 3. 5. Methodology The proponents did an actual observation inside a water refilling station by identifying the process and the worker demonstrated how the process works. Next is that the proponents researched on the safety of drinking water of water stations by looking up at articles, assessing and analyzing which causes the impurities of the water and if there are problems on the process and if the process needs improvement.After is that they establish a conclusion and the proponents monitor and implement the correct process. They also see if it’s compatible with the system. Lastly, they did adequate measures and controls to ensure that the correct process will be established and if the water station is implementing it always. It is important to follow the correct process so that they can say that the water is safe for drinking. 3. Discussion Unsafe water * More than one billion people lack access to an improved water source. 88 percent of the 4 billion annual cases of diarrheal disease are attributed to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene. * 2 million people suffer diarrhoeal deaths each year. Drinking water Parameters * Alkalinity * Color of water * pH * Taste and Odor* Dissolved metals and salts(sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium) * Microorganism * Dissolved metals and metalloids ( lead, mercury, arsenic, etc * Dissolved organics * Radon * Heavy metal Machines for processes Multi-media sediment filter – removes sediments such as rust, sand and particles that are invisible to the naked eye. * Ion exchanger – replaces hard minerals with soft minerals. * Activated carbon filter – removes all organic chemicals, herbicide, pesticide, offensive odor and bad taste.* Reverse osmosis membrane – the hear t of the system and the most expensive unit; removes inorganic minerals, bacteria and viruses while retaining its oxygen content. Since the filter size is very small at less than 0. 5 micrometre, the product water could have a total dissolved solids (TDS) of less than 10 ppm. The filtration process rejects about 50 percent of raw water volume. * Post-carbon filter – improves the taste of water. * Ultraviolet lamp – ensures that the water is free from disease-causing micro-organisms. * Ozone generator – inhibits the growth of bacteria in the product tank and prolongs the shelf life of water. Water quality monitoring* Bacteriological quality – at least monthly * Physical quality – at least every six (6) months Chemical quality – at least every six (6) months * Biological quality – at least once a year * Monitoring of radioactive contaminants shall be done only if there is significant input of radiation from the surrounding environment. 4. Conclusion Water refilling stations can be a good source of safe drinking water in the Philippines. Purified water can meet the aesthetic standards easily detectable by the people in terms of taste, odor and color. The efficient water purification processes can make the quality of water superior to the traditional water systems.However, the risk of contamination is possible if the handling practices are not closely monitored. The water production has designed its facility to the high quality state of the art which can process and purified water into a colorless and free from objectionable taste and odor. That the product water is free from substance that may contain to endanger the lives of consuming public the design of the water treatment purification process was based on the character of the source of water the availability of appropriate purification technology. 5. About the AuthorsThe ideas behind this study are from four 3rd Year Safety Engineering students of the Industria l Engineering Department of the University of Santo Tomas namely: Christian Domingo Bascon, Mishael Ann Asuncion Belocura, Edmond Ray Dela Cruz Divino and Wyanet Dy Yang The four students have a strong passion on Safety Engineering and want to contribute as early as now in the safety of everyone. 6. Acknowledgement First and foremost, we would like to thank to our professor Sir Nestor Ong for the valuable guidance, technical discussions and relevant discussions.He inspired us greatly to work in this project. We also would like to thank him for showing us some example that related to the topic of our project. In addition, we would also like to thank Antipolo Spring Water Refilling Station which provided us valuable information as the guidance of our project which helped us in completing this task through various stages. We also wanted to thank our families who inspired, encouraged and fully supported us in every trial that came our way. Also, we thank them for giving us not just fina ncial, but moral and spiritual support.And all of those who supported us in any respect during the completion of the project. Lastly, we offer our regards and blessings to God the father of all, we are thankful for the strength that keeps us standing and for the hope that keeps us believing that this affiliation would be possible and more interesting. 7. Notes * Especially in urban areas, water quality does not meet the standards set by the national government. As a result, waterborne diseases remain a severe public health concern in the country. About 4,200 people die each year due to contaminated drinking water. Your local water supplier is required by law to notify you if there’s any reason your water is unsafe. Furthermore, the Safe Water Drinking Act requires all water suppliers to issue their customers an annual report on the source and quality of the water—including a list of contaminant levels. Municipal water is tested for micro-organisms, organic and inorgani c chemicals, disinfectants, disinfectant by-products, and radioactive substances. If your copy of the report has not come in the mail, call your water company.Though your water company is responsible for keeping the water safe, lead can get into the supply after the water has left the treatment plant. Arsenic may also be a problem in some areas, mainly the Southwest. * Filtering the water If you are simply trying to improve the taste of your water, a filtering pitcher will do. But if you are trying to remove lead, arsenic, or specific contaminants, you may want a permanent installation. Before you buy, be sure you know which contaminants the system will filter out. NSF is an excellent source of information.Water filtration systems come in two basic types, ranging from cheap to expensive: * Point-of-entry systems are installed on the main water supply and treat most or all the water entering a house. These include water softeners, which remove calcium and magnesium. There’s no harm in drinking softened water, and it does not cause heart disease, as has been alleged. But the softer the water, the more likely it is to leach lead from the pipes. * Point-of-use systems include faucet-mounted filters, faucets with built-in filters, pitchers, and under-the-sink filters.Whether it’s installed under the sink or at point-of-entry, the most effective filter is a reverse-osmosis system, which filters out lead and other toxic metals and other contaminants. This type of filter can be expensive ($500 to $1,000 or more) and the cartridges have to be replaced every year at a cost of up to $200. Faucet-mounted systems and faucets with built-in filters work well against specific contaminants (check the labels and NSF certificates), as do most countertop pitchers. Simpler systems such as these represent a small investment, but replacement filters can cost as much as $100 a year. The agencies directly involved in the establishment operation of water refilling station s are as follows: a. The Department of Health (DOH). DOH is the main agency responsible for protecting the health of the people. The Sanitation Code of the Philippines mandates DOH in protecting drinking water quality. Consequently, DOH issues implementing rules and regulations prescribing sanitary standards for water supply systems, including water refilling stations. b. The Center for Health Development (CHD) is the regional branch of DOH.Its main function is to provide technical assistance to local government units and to monitor DOH programme implementation which includes water quality and sanitation standards. For water refilling stations, CHD is mandated to issue initial and operational permits. c. The Local Government Units (LGUs) are mandated by Presidential Decree (PD 856) to issue sanitary permit, sanitary clearance, health certificates, certificate of potability, drinking water site clearance and closure order (if necessary) and to conduct sanitary inspection of WRS. d.Th e Water Quality Association of the Philippines Inc. (WQAP) is an organization of private firms who are engaged in the manufacture, sale, and distribution of water refilling station equipment and supplies, as well as water treatment and purification equipment and technology for household, institutional, commercial and industrial applications. About 85 percent of its 250 members operates water refilling stations. e. Association of Water Refilling Entrepreneurs (AWARE) concentrates on resolving business management issues of its members. * Presidential Decree No. 56 (PD 856) or the Sanitation Code of the Philippines is the main law requiring all establishments to comply with existing sanitary standards to protect public health. Guidelines for operating a water refilling station are indicated in the Supplemental Implementing Rules and Regulations on Water Supply of PD 856 issued in 1999. 8. References (2006 october 6) EntrePinoys atbp.A study on water refilling stations http://www. mixph . com/2006/10/a-study-on-water-refilling-station. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines#Drinking_water_quality Water Sanitation and health. ttp://www. who. int/water_sanitation_health /en/ http://www. wellnessletter. com/ucberkeley/foundations/drinking-water/#sthash. bNGyupzl. dpuf EPA 816-F-04-036 June 2004 www. epa. gov/safewater 9. Editorial History Paper received 02 March 2013; accepted 09 March 2013; revised version received 09 March 2013. Copyright  © 2011, Copyright  © 2011, Christian D. Basco, Mishael Ann A. Belocura, Edmond DC. Divino & Wyanet D. Yang 10. Disclaimer This article is only edited by Christian Domingo Basco, Mishael Ann Asuncion Belocura, Edmond Ray Dela Cruz Divino and

Free Essays on Broken Fjords

EXPOSITORY TEXT – BROKEN LIVES Broken Lives by Estelle Blackburn is a relevant expository text that through research has lead to a solid argument; 19 year old John Button was wrongfully convicted of killing his 17 year old girlfriend in a hit-run. In her efforts to influence her readers of such views, Blackburn has entered into the world of a serial killer, presenting a credible, solid account of these events and their surrounding matters. In result the reader accepts the book as a genuine explanation of an increasingly explicable miscarriage of justice. The reader now feels obliged to adopt Blackburn’s views. The notion of justice is Blackburn’s principal value, and her attitudes express the unfairness of Buttons imprisonment. Together they underline the purpose of the book; to convince the public of buttons innocence and Cooke’s guilt in the death of Rosemary Anderson, and hopefully have Button pardoned. Blackburn makes it clear that there were inconsistencies throughout the police investigation and a failure of justice in the High Court etc. The police are seen as incompetent. Being an expository, non-fiction text, credibility is essential if the reader is to share such attitudes with the author. This credibility is primarily established by a list of sources in the preface and acknowledgments sections of the book. For example the police files of Eric Edgar Cooke and John Button. Photographs of the involved and maps of the city of Perth are also included. A sense of credibility is created using times, dates, streets and names mentioned internally in the text, demonstrating the extent of Blackburn’s investigations. The reader is now in a position to seriously consider all information presented. Example of such detail: â€Å"Cooke left home at 12:30 p.m., driving his 1956 FJ Holden to Adelaide terrace and parking outside Fairlanes.† Broken Lives is a book where a strong audience appeal is desired, and the book ... Free Essays on Broken Fjords Free Essays on Broken Fjords EXPOSITORY TEXT – BROKEN LIVES Broken Lives by Estelle Blackburn is a relevant expository text that through research has lead to a solid argument; 19 year old John Button was wrongfully convicted of killing his 17 year old girlfriend in a hit-run. In her efforts to influence her readers of such views, Blackburn has entered into the world of a serial killer, presenting a credible, solid account of these events and their surrounding matters. In result the reader accepts the book as a genuine explanation of an increasingly explicable miscarriage of justice. The reader now feels obliged to adopt Blackburn’s views. The notion of justice is Blackburn’s principal value, and her attitudes express the unfairness of Buttons imprisonment. Together they underline the purpose of the book; to convince the public of buttons innocence and Cooke’s guilt in the death of Rosemary Anderson, and hopefully have Button pardoned. Blackburn makes it clear that there were inconsistencies throughout the police investigation and a failure of justice in the High Court etc. The police are seen as incompetent. Being an expository, non-fiction text, credibility is essential if the reader is to share such attitudes with the author. This credibility is primarily established by a list of sources in the preface and acknowledgments sections of the book. For example the police files of Eric Edgar Cooke and John Button. Photographs of the involved and maps of the city of Perth are also included. A sense of credibility is created using times, dates, streets and names mentioned internally in the text, demonstrating the extent of Blackburn’s investigations. The reader is now in a position to seriously consider all information presented. Example of such detail: â€Å"Cooke left home at 12:30 p.m., driving his 1956 FJ Holden to Adelaide terrace and parking outside Fairlanes.† Broken Lives is a book where a strong audience appeal is desired, and the book ...

Writing Nonfiction for Children

Writing Nonfiction for Children If you can write engaging, informative and fun features for younger readers aged 9 to 12, then children’s nonfiction could be your market. Over several years, I wrote many pieces for publications including Hoezit!, MiniMag and others. Here’s what I learned†¦ Market Guides for Nonfiction Resources for finding places to publish include the Children’s Writers Illustrators Market (published annually) and their website listings, the Society of Childrens Book Writers and Illustrators, Educational Markets for Children’s Writers Pitches that Work Many pitches are seasonal: Things to do for the holidays, movies to watch in winter. Other times, articles discuss fascinating facts related to school subjects like math, science and

Inadequate nutrition and cognitive decline Essay

Inadequate nutrition and cognitive decline - Essay Example This course study will dwell on the subject of age-related cognitive decline and nutrition as a contributing factor. The lecture will cover the normal and the non-normal aging process of individuals and in particular how nutrients add up to the neurological well-being of the elderly. The hypothesis in this discussion is that: nutritional imbalance is a resultant factor in cognitive decline. We shall review related studies and literature to support this hypothesis which aims to create awareness among all individuals to continue trying to find the nearest approach to cure and prevention of cognitive abnormalities.As the human body tends to grow with age, a certain amount of memory decline is felt which includes the minute reductions or delay in thought processing. For others though, a magnitude of reduction beyond what may be considered "normal" and are relentlessly progressive, robbing individuals of their memories, intellect, and eventually their abilities to recognize close members of their families may concurrently result to a certain cognitive decline. The increasing risk of demented elderly adults created the idea of preventing or reversing neurological disorders associated with cognitive decline. The results of the clinical investigative studies revealed according to Amador(1998) the discovery of vitamin deficiencies causing neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Further, Amador added that the potentials of Vit.B(cobalamin) deficiency has been overlooked as a treatable cause of reversible dementia. Markle(1996)critically reviewed the alteration in thought processes associated with Vit. B deficiencies and discovered several causes that contribute its loss in the bodies among elderly patients. Quadri et al(2004)further added elevated homocysteine concentration results to folate deficiency that aggravates the early risk factor for cognitive decline in elderly individuals. However Under Wright's(2000) free-radical theory of aging, he provided that the effects of "oxidative damage" are responsible for much aging particularly of the premature kind. Wright also suggested based on animal studies that diets high in anti-oxidant-rich foods may be beneficial in slowing ARCD. Among people aged 65 and older, high vitamin C and beta-carotene levels have been associated with better memory performance. Zagaria(2002)further explained that these nutrients as explained may be markers for other dietary factors responsible for protection against cognitive disorders. In most cases when physical activity is diminished, cellular metabolism is likewise affected which results to mal-absorption of nutrients that are needed by the body. Inadequate dietary intake, intake of drugs that inhibit B12 absorption, increased cobalamin excretion that can occur according to Amador in the presence of normal hematological studies. A detailed description on the role of specific nutrients in age-related cognitive decline will be discussed which includes: Vit.B (cobalamin) an d folates; antioxidants and other food products. Vit.B(cobalamin) Andel et al (2005) noticed strong evidence of connection between the low levels of vitamin B12 and warned that this is a common nutritional deficiency in the Western world. Commonly present in meat, poultry, fish, eggs and dairy products adults over 50 are mostly lacking than most people due to atropic gastritis whereby B12 absorption in the small intestine is reduced. However, it should be noted that certain acidic elements are persistent in the stomach of the elderly despite age, it is unusually unthinkable to blame the lack of needed nutrients to gastritis. Teunisse et al(1996)related that cobalamin is an essential vitamin for hematopoiesis and the maintenance of neurologic and psychiatric health. Since it is not synthesized in the body, animals must obtain Vit.B 12 from their diet. Vit.B12 works by aiding in cellular formation and longevity. Essentially it shares in the proper digestion,